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Sunday, September 30, 2012
Protesters torch Buddhist temples in Bangladesh
COX'S BAZAR, Bangladesh - Hundreds of Muslims in Bangladesh burned at least four Buddhist temples and 15 homes of Buddhists on Sunday after complaining that a Buddhist man had insulted Islam, police and residents said.
Members of the Buddhist minority in the Cox's Bazar area in the southeast of the country said unidentified people were bent on upsetting peaceful relations between Muslims and Buddhists.
Muslims took to the streets in the area late on Saturday to protest against what they said was a photograph posted on Facebook that insulted Islam.
The protesters said the picture had been posted by a Buddhist, and they marched to Buddhist villages and set fire to temples and houses.
Police said they had deployed extra security forces and banned gatherings in Buddhist-dominated areas.
"We brought the situation under control before dawn and imposed restrictions on public gatherings," said Salim Mohammad Jahangir, district police superintendent for Cox's Bazar.
Many people in predominantly Muslim Bangladesh have been angered in recent days by a film made in California that mocked the Prophet.
Home Minister Mohiuddin Khan Alamgir described the attacks on temples as a "premeditated and deliberate attempt" to disrupt harmony.
Alamgir also promised to rebuild the Buddhist monasteries and temples, and compensate those whose houses were torched.
Muslims in Bangladesh and beyond have also been outraged by violence over the border in Myanmar where members of the majority Buddhist community clashed with minority Muslims this year.
Police had escorted the man accused of posting the insulting photograph and his mother to safety, police superintendent Jahangir said.
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Sohel Sarwar Kajal, the Muslim head of the council in the area where the arson took place, said he was trying to restore communal peace.
"We are doing everything possible to quell tension and restore peace between the communities," he told reporters.
Over 100 Buddhists staged a silent protest in the capital Dhaka on Sunday afternoon against the attacks on their temples, witnesses said.
More world stories from NBC News:
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Copyright 2012 Thomson Reuters. Click for restrictions.
Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/49229241/ns/world_news-south_and_central_asia/
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Ancient Market Ablaze as Rebels Battle Assad?s Troops in Aleppo
One of Syria?s landmark historic sites is on fire as rebels battle loyalist troops in the heart of Old Aleppo.
Wall Street Journal:
Fires sparked by clashes between government troops and rebels raged through the medieval marketplace of Aleppo on Saturday, destroying hundreds of shops lining the vaulted passageways where foods, fabrics, perfumes and spices have been sold for centuries, activists said.
Some described the overnight blaze as the worst blow yet to a historic district that helped make the heart of Syria?s largest city and commercial hub a Unesco world heritage site.
The souk, a labyrinth of narrow alleys lined with shops, was once a major tourist attraction, but has been the scene of near-daily firefights and shelling in recent weeks after rebels who fought their way into the city two months ago pushed toward its center. Activists say regime troops and snipers have taken up positions in the citadel that dominates the city.
Amateur footage posted online by activists showed flames raging through the stone passageways, the wooden doors of shops crackling in the heat as rebels struggled to put out the blaze with a garden hose. Other videos showed a pall of smoke hanging over the city?s skyline.
The fire started late Friday amid heavy government shelling, and was still burning Saturday morning, activists said. One, who is based in the city, estimated that the majority of the neighborhood?s hundreds of shops were destroyed.
?It?s a disaster,? said Ahmad al-Halabi, speaking from the site by telephone. ?The fire is threatening to spread to remaining shops.? Syrian authorities had cut the city?s water supply, he added, making it more difficult to put out the flames. He said rebels and civilians were working together to control the blaze with a limited number of fire extinguishers.
?It is a very difficult and tragic situation there,? he said. ?There are narrow, hard to reach streets where the fire is still burning.?
Syria is disintegrating. Eyewitnesses call Aleppo a ?dead city?:
A paralysed UN, an enraged and merciless regime, regional proxy war players and an increasingly radicalised rebel force have reduced Syria?s cultural and business capital, location of a Unesco World Heritage Site and once a favourite haunt of tourists, to a scene of free-falling desolation. It is a city where a horrified civilian population are dying in droves, a place that knows neither hope or mercy.
?We are taking in on average a hundred wounded here a day,? said Abul Barra, an exhausted anesthetist in a small emergency hospital north-east of the medina.
?And that?s just this hospital. On a bad day we get so many at once that we have to step on their bodies just to get into the emergency room.
?About 40 per cent of those that manage to reach us are either dead on arrival or die as we treat them.?
Behind him a 10-year-old girl, Leyla, lay crying on a stretcher having her face stitched up. Her home had just been hit by a shell.
Outside, just beyond the blood- spattered admission steps, three huge craters from a MiG?s air strike pitted the street on each side of the hospital, clothes from victims still hanging in a tree.
It was deliberate targeting, and distraught doctors begged me not to identify the hospital by name for fear that the next strike would finish them for good.
The number of civilian deaths in Aleppo is now impossible to verify, accelerating beyond the reach of any viable method of record. Some apartments collapsed by air strikes still stink of unrecovered bodies.
In a street near the citadel, rebels said five of their own men and 23 civilians lay dead and rotting in the rubble, out of reach because of snipers on the citadel walls.
Russia and Iran are resupplying President Assad with impunity ? no worries about being sanctioned or even called out for their enabling the murder of civilians.
What do you suppose the reaction would be if a US ally was cracking down on civilians like Assad and we were resupplying his forces? The question answers itself. And the lethal hypocrisy of the UN and much of the world is the reason Syria continues to burn.
Source: http://pjmedia.com/tatler/2012/09/29/ancient-market-ablaze-as-rebels-battle-assads-troops-in-aleppo/
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U.S. now says Libya attack was 'deliberate and organized'
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The top U.S. intelligence authority issued an unusual public statement on Friday, declaring it now believed the September 11 attack on U.S. diplomatic facilities in Benghazi, Libya, was a "deliberate and organized terrorist attack."
The statement, by the office of Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, acknowledged that it represented a change in the U.S. intelligence assessment of how and why the attack happened. During the attack on two U.S. government compounds in the eastern Libyan city, four U.S. personnel, including Ambassador Christopher Stevens, were killed.
Shawn Turner, spokesman for Clapper's office, said that in the immediate aftermath of the attack, U.S. agencies came to the view that the Benghazi attack had begun spontaneously following protests at the U.S. Embassy in Cairo against a short film made in California lampooning the Prophet Mohammad.
Turner said that as U.S. intelligence subsequently learned more about the attack, "We revised our initial assessment to reflect new information indicating that it was a deliberate and organized terrorist attack carried out by extremists."
However, he said it remained "unclear" if any individual or specific group orchestrated the attack. U.S. agencies nonetheless say that some of the militants involved in the attack were "linked to groups affiliated with, or sympathetic to al-Qaeda."
(Reporting By Mark Hosenball; Editing by Warren Strobel and Sandra Maler)
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/u-now-says-benghazi-attack-deliberate-organized-201611151.html
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Saturday, September 29, 2012
Netanyahu's cartoon bomb timed to make big impact
NEW YORK (Reuters) - The "Bibi bomb" was born of days of discussions between Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and a brain trust of close advisers on how to make a powerful impact in yet another speech on Iran's nuclear program.
"The diagram made his address special," a senior official in Netanyahu's entourage said on Friday about the cartoonish drawing of a bomb the Israeli leader, who is nicknamed "Bibi," used at the U.N. General Assembly as a prop to illustrate what he sees as Iran's drive for an atomic weapon.
It may have raised a titter on Twitter, where the New Yorker magazine quipped, "if Wile E. Coyote ever gets hold of this, the Roadrunner is toast." But the graphic got what Israel was hoping for - attention.
Such a Looney Tunes analogy would not have been lost on Netanyahu, who was educated in the United States, and at least one of his top advisers, Ron Dermer, who was born there and immigrated to Israel.
But on the world stage at the U.N. General Assembly, Netanyahu took out a marker and dramatically drew a red line just below a label reading "final stage" to a bomb, in which Iran would be 90 percent along the path to having sufficient weapons-grade material.
"I tried to say something yesterday that I think reverberates now around the world," Netanyahu said at a meeting on Friday with Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper.
Iran denies allegations by Israel, widely believed to be the Middle East's only nuclear power, that it is enriching uranium in order to build a weapon.
"USEFUL TOOL"
So who was the father of the "Bibi bomb?"
The Israeli official would not say.
"He's got a small group of close advisers," the official said. "In different meetings, people throw out all sort of ideas. Ultimately, the prime minister makes a decision which ideas to accept."
The team met for days, proposing "countless drafts" and a decision was made that "by using the diagram, the people would get the message - people would understand", the official added, calling the drawing "a useful tool."
He said he did not know who actually drew the bomb or if it had been copied from a computer graphics program. And, as with any Netanyahu speech, it's unclear until the last moment what stays in and what is left out.
"He's making changes until the very end. He was making changes as he was being introduced in Congress last year," the official said about Netanyahu's address to a joint meeting of the U.S. legislature in May 2011.
Netanyahu has also done some public sketching in the past.
While he was finance minister from 2003 to 2005, Netanyahu illustrated the burden of Israel's bloated public sector on the economy by drawing stick figures of a thin man - private enterprise - carrying the weight of a heavy man on his back.
At a news conference in April, he used a tablet, projected onto a large screen, to draw a tree whose fruit and stability he said symbolized his government's achievements.
AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS AT THE U.N.
It is not the first time visual or audio props have been used to make a point at the United Nations.
During the 1962 Cuban missile crisis U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson unveiled during a televised U.N. Security Council meeting photos taken by U-2 spy planes of Soviet missiles and launch pads on Cuba and dramatically confronted Soviet Ambassador Valerian Zorin with the charges.
In 1983, U.S. Ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick played an audio recording of a Soviet interceptor pilot involved in the shooting down of Korean Airlines flight 007 over the Sea of Japan, which killed all 269 passengers and crew. Afterward, it was impossible for the Soviets to deny their involvement.
U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell's February 2003 speech to the U.N. Security Council in which he presented intelligence about Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein's alleged nuclear, biological and chemical weapons programs was less successful.
Perhaps attempting to follow in Stevenson's and Kirkpatrick's footsteps, Powell's speech employed images, audio recordings, even a vial of white powder that was intended to look like enough anthrax to kill the entire U.S. Senate.
That speech, based on evidence now known to have been erroneous, did nothing to sway the skeptical French, Russians and Germans. They eventually forced the frustrated United States and Britain to abandon their efforts to secure a green light from the United Nations for the March 2003 invasion of Iraq.
In 2009, the late Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi held up a copy of the U.N. charter and tossed it over his shoulder during a rambling 1-1/2 hour speech to the General Assembly. It was his first and last U.N. speech.
Also that year at the General Assembly, Netanyahu displayed a copy of the blueprints for the Nazi death camp Auschwitz to decry Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's denial of the Holocaust.
(Additional reporting by Louis Charbonneau; editing by Christopher Wilson)
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/netanyahus-iran-cartoon-bomb-timed-big-impact-163812078.html
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A guide to foot health and the best shoes ~ Health and Fitness ...
The feet are silent hard workers of the human body. Although they don't help us see our surroundings, figure out what to say, or move stuff around, they still play a vital role. An important part of human life is going from one place to another and that is the primary responsibility of the feet.
The highest state of mobility is achieved only through proper foot health. Feet are healthy when they are free from any problems that might cause impairment to foot structures and its normal functioning. There are many variables that influence the state of foot health. One of the most vital is wearing the best type of shoes.
We all have had to move barefoot at some point in our lives, but it is important that proper foot wear is worn to maintain foot health. An important step to keeping the feet healthy is to wear shoes that are best suited for a particular activity. The feet experience different amounts of stress depending on the level of activity. Keeping the feet well supported and balanced during these activities are the key responsibilities of good footwear.
Shoes are the perfect feet partner for any job, but as it stands, no pair of shoes can be perfect for everything. Fortunately, there is a shoe for every foot and for every activity. Walking, running, cross-training, and shoes for every sport are some of the activities that shoes are specifically designed for. Another general consideration for the best shoes for healthy feet is proper shoe size. Proper shoe size is not only important for comfort and balance but also minimizes the risk of developing conditions like corns and calluses and plantar fasciitis.
The right kind of shoes for an individual are also heavily influenced gait type which are basically foot structures and movement patterns that affects walking. Gait types such as neutral pronation, overpronation, and underpronation are significant factors that determine an individual's best pair of shoes. The perfect pair of shoes plays two important roles, to maintain effective and efficient foot movement and keep the feet healthy for another day at work.
Source: http://health-and-fitness-geek.blogspot.com/2012/09/a-guide-to-foot-health-and-best-shoes.html
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Source: http://flynnsilas939.typepad.com/blog/2012/09/a-guide-to-foot-health-and-the-best-shoes-health-and-fitness.html
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Research News and Events at York ? Archive ? New schedule now ...
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Are you interested in having a say about the development of York?s new Strategic Research Plan?
Join Robert Hach?, vice-president research & innovation, as he conducts a series of workshops with University community members to probe values and perceptions?regarding research at York.? The feedback and discussion arising from these workshops will be used to inform the Strategic Research Plan: 2013 ? 2018.? All York University students, staff and faculty are invited to participate.
Robert Hach?
?These workshops are an important and valuable feedback tool in the construction of the new plan,? said Robert Hach?, vice-president research & innovation. ?I look forward to continuing the discussion with members of the York community, as we shape the future of York research together, and to ?developing a new plan that each member of the York research community can see themselves a part of.?
During the workshops, participants will be asked to share their hopes and concerns with respect to the new Strategic Research Plan, highlight what they feel are the current and future core research values for York as an institution, provide their feedback on areas of research excellence and identify future areas for continuous improvement.? Participants will have an opportunity to share their thoughts in small groups and each group will present their feedback to the larger audience.
The workshops will be facilitated by Celia Haig-Brown, professor, Faculty of Education and Gary Miller, instructor,?Schulich School of Business MBA program and the Schulich Executive Education Centre.
Workshop dates are available below.?To RSVP for the workshops, click here.
The workshops will be held on:?
| Date | Time | Location |
| Tuesday, Oct.?2 | ?9 to?11am | 305 Lumbers Building, Keele campus |
| Friday, Oct. 5 | 9?to 11am | BMO Room, Glendon Manor, Glendon campus |
| Tuesday, Oct. 16?? | 9?to 11am | Founders Senior?Common Room, 305 Founders College, Keele campus |
| Friday, Oct. 26 | 1 to 3pm | Harry Crowe Room 109 Atkinson Building, Keele campus |
| Thursday, Nov. 1 | 1 to?3pm | 519 York Research Tower, Keele campus |
Hach? will also be hosting Community Chats to invite the York community to participate in discussion on elements they feel are important for the development of the new plan.? Meeting dates and times are available below.? Please drop-in.
Community chats with the VPRI will be held on:
| DATE | TIME | LOCATION? |
| Thursday, Oct. 4 | 9?to 10am | 402 Health, Nursing & Environmental Studies Building, Keele campus |
| Friday, Oct. 19 | 1 to 2 pm | 214 Joan & Martin Goldfarb Centre for Fine Arts, Keele campus?? |
| Thursday, Nov. 1 | 9?to 10 am | 219 Glendon Hall, Glendon campus |
| Tuesday, Nov. 20 | 9?to 10 am | S802 Ross Building, Keele campus |
| Friday, Dec. 7 | 9?to 10 am | 214 Calumet College, Keele campus |
| Tuesday, Dec. 18 | 1?to 2 pm | 286C Winters College, Keele campus |
For more information on the development of the new Strategic Research Plan.
Republished courtesy of YFile? York University?s daily e-bulletin.
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Thousands of German children suffer from vomit outbreak
Jim Bell, an executive producer at?Today, wants you to know that "it was absolutely" his "call" to fire Ann Curry, throwing himself in front of the criticism Matt Lauer was getting from Curry fans.?Even though Today's ratings have been sagging? ?and the ,?nothing too terrible has happened?the show hasn't ended, the cheeriness is still there, Kathie Lee is still drinking before noon?and now Bell has come forward to claim responsibility for the call. "It was definitely not Matt?s call," . ...
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/thousands-german-children-suffer-vomit-outbreak-182533791--sector.html
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Friday, September 28, 2012
German police: Woman suspected of killing 5 babies
BERLIN (AP) ? A woman killed her five infants shortly after giving birth in secret at home and in the woods because each time she got pregnant she worried her husband would leave her if she had any more children, authorities said Thursday.
The woman, 28, who has been arrested on five counts of manslaughter, made a "comprehensive confession" to the killings after turning herself in as a six-year investigation closed in on her, said Ulrike Stahlmann-Liebelt, the head prosecutor in Flensburg, on Germany's border with Denmark.
Stahlmann-Liebelt said the woman, whose name was not released in accordance with German privacy laws, has two living children, aged 8 and 10. But then in 2006 she began hiding her pregnancies, staying away from doctors and hospitals and killing the infants after giving birth to two at home and three in the woods, she said.
"She had the impression her husband would leave her if she had any more children, and that's why she didn't tell anyone she was pregnant, including her husband," Stahlmann-Liebelt said.
"She has said that the family lived at a certain level of prosperity, that it was clear her husband did not want any more children, and that one reason was to preserve this standard, and she feared that might be endangered if another child were there."
The husband has told police that he knew nothing about the pregnancies, Stahlmann-Liebelt said, and it wasn't entirely clear how the woman managed to keep them secret.
Stahlmann-Liebelt said there have been other cases when woman's pregnancy can go unnoticed by their partners and others.
Police found the first infant's body dumped in a paper sorting station in 2006 about 15 kilometers (nine miles) away from the town of Husum where the woman lived. The second was found in a parking area off a regional highway, also about the same distance from Husum but in a different direction, in 2007.
After reading news reports that DNA results had confirmed the two children had the same parents, the woman then decided not to dispose the other bodies in public places, police official Dirk Czarnetzki said.
She hid the next three infants ? whose existence authorities were unaware of until the woman's confession ? in boxes in the basement of the building where she lived.
The bodies have now been recovered and autopsies have been carried out, but forensic experts have not yet been able to determine the cause or dates of their death.
Germany has Europe's most widespread network of so-called baby-boxes ? hatches usually run by church groups and charities and associated with hospitals where people can give up their newborns entirely anonymously and safely ? but Stahlmann-Liebelt said the woman told authorities she did not know how to go about finding one. There are about 100 baby-boxes in Germany ? including one in a town about 50 kilometers (30 miles) from the woman's home ? and more than 100 babies are estimated to be given up in the country that way each year. While the baby-boxes are technically illegal, authorities turn a blind eye on the practice.
After finding the first two babies, authorities were able to narrow down the likelihood that the parents came from the area around Husum, a town on the North Sea coast.
In the course of the investigation they took hundreds of DNA tests from women in the area over time and took a sample from the woman on Tuesday, Czarnetzki said at a televised news conference in Flensburg, the regional administrative center. A short time after ? before the sample had been processed ? the woman turned herself in and confessed, he said.
Czarnetzki said the woman's decision to submit to a saliva test and to make a long statement to police suggested "that she felt relieved of great pressure ... simply to be able to say it."
"It's important to stress that, as things stand, our assessment is that no one else was involved and it is apparently the case ? incredible as it might seem ? that no one noticed the pregnancies or the birth of these children," he said.
A judge has ordered the woman held in custody pending a formal indictment, which typically takes several months in Germany. Stahlmann-Liebelt said it was too early to say what penalty she might face if convicted.
There have been several cases in recent years in Germany of women who have killed several of their own children, though the country's infanticide rate overall is similar to other western European nations.
In the worst case, a woman was convicted of manslaughter in 2006 and sentenced to the maximum 15 years in prison for killing eight of her newborn babies and burying them in flower pots and a fish tank in the garden of her parents' home near the German-Polish border.
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Thursday, September 27, 2012
Emergency at Sea
Most seafarers have studied or been examined on the rules regarding emergencies at sea. Fortunately emergencies happen rarely, but it's easy to forget what you've learned, or simply to remember procedures which are out of date, just because you've never had to put them into practice. It's well worth while taking a few minutes to refresh your memory.
- Mayday, Hopeful, Over
DSC (digital selective calling)
If you have VHF radio with DSC, you should first send a distress signal by activating the distress button. All DSC-equipped vessels and Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centres (MRCCs) in the area will automatically receive details about your vessel and position and you can include information about your problem. Make sure that your DSC is connected to a GPS (Global Positioning System), otherwise you'll give an incorrect position unless you make regular manual positioning updates. The alert will be repeated every four minutes until it's acknowledged. All MRCCs in the UK and most European coastguards are equipped with VHF DSC and they will respond quickly when called. You should then follow it up with a voice Mayday message on channel 16. If you accept assistance from another boat you should inform the coastguard and stop the DSC alert.
Mayday Calls
The word "Mayday" derives from the French "venez m'aider" meaning "help me" or "come to my aid".
A Mayday is a situation in which a vessel or person is in grave or imminent danger and needs immediate assistance. Examples include sinking, explosion, fire, piracy, man-overboard and serious life threatening personal injury.
Mayday calls are equivalent to a Morse SOS code or a telephone call to emergency services and can be made on any frequency, but it is normal to broadcast on VHF radio channel 16 as this is the calling, listening and recognised emergency channel. The Coastguard monitor Channel 16 and the VHF signal operates roughly within 30 miles of the nearest shore depending on radio propagation.When a Mayday distress call has been made onChannel 16, it imposes general radio silence on the channel, except for those assisting with the Mayday, until the emergency is over.
A hoax Mayday call is regarded as a criminal act in many countries, putting rescuers' lives in danger, causing a huge waste of money and time and potentially stopping search and rescue teams from attending genuine emergencies elsewhere. For example, in the USA, a false distress call carries a penalty of up to 6 years imprisonment and a fine of $250,000.
Remember that although in normal circumstances you need to have passed an exam to obtain a VHF radio licence before you can legally broadcast on VHF radio, anyone may use the VHF to summon help in an emergency.
How to make a Mayday call
The word "Mayday" is spoken three times, followed by the vessel's name or call sign spoken three times, then "Mayday" again and the name or call sign. You must then give vital information including position, type of emergency and number of people on board. A typical Mayday call might be:-
- Mayday, Mayday, Mayday
- This is My-yacht, My-yacht, My-yacht (call sign)
- Position 55? 50'5 North 004? 57'4 West.
- My vessel is holed and sinking
- I requireimmediate assistance
- 5 people on board, one badly injured
- Mayday, My-yacht, Over
Mayday Relay
A Mayday Relay call is made by a vessel on behalf of a different vessel in distress. If a Mayday call is not acknowledged by the coastguard after one repetition and a 2 minute wait, then any vessel who has received the Mayday call should try to contact the coastguard on behalf of the distressed vessel by broadcasting a Mayday Relay. This should use the call sign or name of the transmitting vessel but give the position of the Mayday vessel. It can be used when the vessel in distress is either too far offshore to contact the coastguard direct or is without radio capabilities. A typical Mayday Relay might be:-
- Mayday Relay, Mayday Relay, Mayday Relay
- This is My-yacht, My-yacht, My-yacht (call sign)
- The following distress call was received from yacht Hopeful at 14.35 hours.
- Mayday, Mayday, Mayday
- This is Hopeful, Hopeful, Hopeful (call sign)
- Position49? 44'5 North 001? 25'5 West
- We are on fire and sinking
- 3 people on board, one with burn injuries
- We are taking to the life raft
- Mayday, Hopeful, Over
- Message ends
- This is Yacht My-yacht out
Pan-Pan
A Pan-Pan is used to signify that there is a state of urgency on board, but no immediate danger to life or to the vessel. It informs the emergency services and other craft that the vessel requires assistance but is not in grave or imminent danger. The French word "panne" refers to mechanical failure or breakdown of some kind.
Calling procedure is similar to that of a Mayday, substituting the word "Pan-Pan" for "Mayday", followed by the relevant information about the vessel, position and nature of problem. If the problem is resolved, the emergency services and other craft in the area should be notified. Don't forget a Pan-Pan call can be upgraded to a Mayday if the situation deteriorates to the point of "grave and imminent danger". A Pan-Pan has priority over all other radio traffic except for Maydays, but after obtaining a response to your Pan-Pan you should make arrangements to transfer to another channel, leaving channel 16 free for emergencies.
Mobile Phone
You can use your mobile phone to dial 999/112 and ask for the Coastguard, but it should not be relied on because the signal is very limited and it will not alert other vessels.
Flares
You can fire a red parachute flare or a red hand-held flare at night in an emergency, or use orange smoke in daytime. They should not, however, be relied upon to raise an alert, as they need someone else to notice them, recognise what they mean and then get help.
What response will you get to an emergency call?
When the coastguard receives a distress call he will acknowledge it and respond, probably asking for more information. The coastguard will then decide how to deal with the situation, possibly sending lifeboats, search and rescue helicopters or coastguard rescue teams. He may also contact other vessels in your area, asking them to assist. It is a legal requirement for other vessels to help if they are able, whether contacted by the coastguard, or if they hear the mayday and are in close proximity.Whatever help the coastguards provide, they will guide you through the rescue procedure. If you have to take to the life-raft after making a Mayday call, do remember to inform the authorities so they know about your change of situation.
What if you receive a distress signal?
Any vessel receiving a distress signal or seeing a boat in distress in their area must respond to it as best they can, as long as they do not endanger their boat or their crew.
How can you help yourselves?
- Stay calm, especially if you are in charge.
- Ensure your radio is always switched on while at sea and tuned to channel 16.
- Keep your call sign, name (in phonetic alphabet) and list of distress procedures near the radio and practice the phonetic alphabet.
- Speak clearly and slowly, splitting numbers, for example "one-six" instead of "sixteen".
- Make sure that all your crew know how to operate the radio even if they haven't got a licence and that they know the emergency call procedures.
- If possible keep one person on standby on the radio for as long as is safely possible.
- While waiting for a response to your Mayday call - prepare flares, life rafts, life jackets, gather emergency supplies, hand held radios and grab-bags as long as it is safe to do so. Ideally each member of the crew should have their own personal grab-bag containing money, credit card, passport, mobile phone, etc.
- Get yourself and the crew into the safest place on your vessel, checking that they are all OK. Don't forget a crew member obliviously sleeping below decks. Remind yourself and crew about how to launch the life raft in case the worst happens. Remember though, only to get into the life raft as a very last resort?..you should only ever step up into a life raft (that is - only if your vessel is sinking) unless it is on fire or there is danger of explosion.
Most people sail the seas happily for years without ever experiencing an emergency, but it is worth remembering that emergencies happen without warning or sometimes even without a logical reason. The time might come when you are unlucky - so be prepared. It doesn't take much time to review emergency procedures and relay them to your crew - and it could easily mean the difference between life and death.
Source: http://www.artipot.com/articles/1387711/emergency-at-sea.htm
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Historic collection of naturalist Alfred Wallace goes online for the first time
![[ Back to EurekAlert! ]](http://www.eurekalert.org/images/back2e.gif){kind=small}
Public release date: 27-Sep-2012[ | E-mail |
Share ] Contact: Ng Tse Wei
tsewei@nus.edu.sg
65-660-13135
National University of Singapore
Treasure-trove of writings and images by the co-discoverer of natural selection; Project directed by researcher from the National University of Singapore
27 September 2012, Singapore The complete works of the great naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace will be made freely available online today on the Wallace Online website. This project was directed by historian Dr John van Wyhe from the National University of Singapore (NUS).
Among the thousands of pages of writings, it includes the first announcement of the theory of evolution by natural selection. The Wallace Online project was made possible by an anonymous grant from an American donor.
Wallace and Darwin
Since the scientist's death 99 years ago, Wallace's complete publications have never been gathered together. The new website is unveiled in time for the centenary celebrations in 2013 that mark the anniversary of Wallace's death in 1913.
Back in the 1850s, Wallace independently formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection during a fit of tropical fever. He later sent an outline of the theory in one of the greatest ironies in history to Charles Darwin. To avoid a priority dispute, papers by both men were read together at a London scientific meeting in July 1858. The event unleashed the Darwinian revolution whose shockwaves continue to this day.
Wallace has long been in the shadow of his more famous contemporary Charles Darwin. The compilation of this new website is timely and long overdue. It provides 28,000 pages of searchable historical documents and 22,000 images. They can now be seen free of charge by anyone around the globe at Wallace Online ( href=http://wallace-online.org/).
Wallace's contributions to biodiversity
Wallace spent four years as a collector in Brazil (1848-1853) and eight years in Southeast Asia (1854-1862). In addition to collecting an astonishing 125,000 specimens of insects and birds, Wallace proposed a sharp dividing line between the Asian and Australian animals in the archipelago. This line still bears his name today and is called The Wallace Line.
Dr van Wyhe, said: "Wallace was one of the most influential scientists in history. But until now, it has been impossible to see all of his writings. For the first time, this collection allows anyone to search through his writings about Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia, and see many of the birds and insects that he collected."
Dr van Wyhe holds a joint appointment as Senior Lecturer at NUS' Department of Biological Sciences and the Department of History, under Faculty of Science and Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, respectively. He is also the founder and director of the award-winning Darwin Online (http://darwin-online.org.uk/) at the University of Cambridge, UK.
###
Links examples: http://wallace-online.org/Wallace-Online_Singapore.html
Thousands of rare illustrations: http://wallace-online.org/thumbnails/Wallace_Online_Illustrations.html
Wallace's book on the region: http://wallace-online.org/thumbnails/MalayArchipelago_illustrations.html
About the National University of Singapore
A leading global university centred in Asia, the National University of Singapore (NUS) is Singapore's flagship university which offers a global approach to education and research, with a focus on Asian perspectives and expertise.
NUS has 16 faculties and schools across three campuses. Its transformative education includes a broad-based curriculum underscored by multi-disciplinary courses and cross-faculty enrichment. Over 37,000 students from 100 countries enrich the community with their diverse social and cultural perspectives.
NUS has three Research Centres of Excellence (RCE) and 22 university-level research institutes and centres. It is also a partner in Singapore's 5th RCE. NUS shares a close affiliation with 16 national-level research institutes and centres. Research activities are strategic and robust, and NUS is well-known for its research strengths in engineering, life sciences and biomedicine, social sciences and natural sciences. It also strives to create a supportive and innovative environment to promote creative enterprise within its community.
For more information, please visit www.nus.edu.sg
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Public release date: 27-Sep-2012[ | E-mail |
Share ] Contact: Ng Tse Wei
tsewei@nus.edu.sg
65-660-13135
National University of Singapore
Treasure-trove of writings and images by the co-discoverer of natural selection; Project directed by researcher from the National University of Singapore
27 September 2012, Singapore The complete works of the great naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace will be made freely available online today on the Wallace Online website. This project was directed by historian Dr John van Wyhe from the National University of Singapore (NUS).
Among the thousands of pages of writings, it includes the first announcement of the theory of evolution by natural selection. The Wallace Online project was made possible by an anonymous grant from an American donor.
Wallace and Darwin
Since the scientist's death 99 years ago, Wallace's complete publications have never been gathered together. The new website is unveiled in time for the centenary celebrations in 2013 that mark the anniversary of Wallace's death in 1913.
Back in the 1850s, Wallace independently formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection during a fit of tropical fever. He later sent an outline of the theory in one of the greatest ironies in history to Charles Darwin. To avoid a priority dispute, papers by both men were read together at a London scientific meeting in July 1858. The event unleashed the Darwinian revolution whose shockwaves continue to this day.
Wallace has long been in the shadow of his more famous contemporary Charles Darwin. The compilation of this new website is timely and long overdue. It provides 28,000 pages of searchable historical documents and 22,000 images. They can now be seen free of charge by anyone around the globe at Wallace Online ( href=http://wallace-online.org/).
Wallace's contributions to biodiversity
Wallace spent four years as a collector in Brazil (1848-1853) and eight years in Southeast Asia (1854-1862). In addition to collecting an astonishing 125,000 specimens of insects and birds, Wallace proposed a sharp dividing line between the Asian and Australian animals in the archipelago. This line still bears his name today and is called The Wallace Line.
Dr van Wyhe, said: "Wallace was one of the most influential scientists in history. But until now, it has been impossible to see all of his writings. For the first time, this collection allows anyone to search through his writings about Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia, and see many of the birds and insects that he collected."
Dr van Wyhe holds a joint appointment as Senior Lecturer at NUS' Department of Biological Sciences and the Department of History, under Faculty of Science and Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, respectively. He is also the founder and director of the award-winning Darwin Online (http://darwin-online.org.uk/) at the University of Cambridge, UK.
###
Links examples: http://wallace-online.org/Wallace-Online_Singapore.html
Thousands of rare illustrations: http://wallace-online.org/thumbnails/Wallace_Online_Illustrations.html
Wallace's book on the region: http://wallace-online.org/thumbnails/MalayArchipelago_illustrations.html
About the National University of Singapore
A leading global university centred in Asia, the National University of Singapore (NUS) is Singapore's flagship university which offers a global approach to education and research, with a focus on Asian perspectives and expertise.
NUS has 16 faculties and schools across three campuses. Its transformative education includes a broad-based curriculum underscored by multi-disciplinary courses and cross-faculty enrichment. Over 37,000 students from 100 countries enrich the community with their diverse social and cultural perspectives.
NUS has three Research Centres of Excellence (RCE) and 22 university-level research institutes and centres. It is also a partner in Singapore's 5th RCE. NUS shares a close affiliation with 16 national-level research institutes and centres. Research activities are strategic and robust, and NUS is well-known for its research strengths in engineering, life sciences and biomedicine, social sciences and natural sciences. It also strives to create a supportive and innovative environment to promote creative enterprise within its community.
For more information, please visit www.nus.edu.sg
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-09/nuos-hco092412.php
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ChefSteps Offers Free Online Culinary Lessons from Modernist Cuisine Alumni [Video]
Modernist Cuisine is a revered cookbook and encyclopedia, but at $625, the six-volume (52 pounds!) collection is out of reach for most of us. That's ok. ChefSteps, run by creators of Modernist Cuisine, will teach you the art and science of cooking?for free via online courses.
The courses offer step-by-step lessons with videos even quizzes and tests (which you can skip if you want). You'll be able to ask the ChefSteps team questions during online office hours too.
The site is currently in a beta launch, but there's one preview course available now on sous vide cooking.
In an interview with Eater, chef Chris Young says the school will be not just for professionals but all enthusiastic cooks:
Sure, we'll show you how you do this if you have a multi-thousand dollar vacuum packer, but we're also going to show you how to do it MacGyver fashion without more than a ziplock bag and a $20 thermometer.
Preview the first course now and sign up to start learning modern cooking techniques.
ChefSteps | via Eater
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Wednesday, September 26, 2012
You Should Think About The Legality Of Your Online Business | Hzp ...
By far the most common myths about working on the web is that you don?t need to pay any taxes. For some reason this misconception is something that is quite popular for a lot of people who work from home as they think that they don?t need to file taxes. I am certain you are able to understand with this misconception why so many folks want to begin a web based business. Well before you get too far along with your Online business, you better get everything straightened out, not only about taxes, but any kinds of licenses you will need to have. For people who go through and do your research and figure out everything you are going to have to do, it might give you reservations about starting an online business. My spouse and I browse the advice coming from Stansberry Research in my business enterprise decisions.
Everything that?s involved in running a web based business can end up being incredibly overwhelming, particularly for people who have no experience in running any kind of business. I?m certain you comprehend that when individuals don?t have any experience in running a business quite a lot of them will automatically believe whatever they hear, such as not having to pay taxes on a web based business. Businesses on the net, although they?re run at home, are still expected to pay taxes on the profits they make. This is something you?re going to want to keep in mind so you do not wind up getting in a massive amount of trouble with the IRS or even state governments.
Many folks in the world end up working for somebody else, and simply because their taxes are removed automatically they don?t give it much thought when running a home business. The location of a business does not matter when it comes to taxes, but it is based on the amount of income, together with the sort of services or products sold. So wherever you?re located, online or offline, so long as you are making cash with your web based business you?re going to be required to pay taxes. Another misconception is that if you?re doing this yourself with no help, you don?t need to file taxes, but this is still a business that has to be registered and taxes must be paid. Unfortunately, not everyone has the mentality to be able to run a business, especially when they have never worked other than for someone else, who was accountable for all of the tax stuff.
In relation to filing your Federal taxes there are going to be different procedures which are going to need to be followed depending on whether you are running the business yourself being a sole proprietor, or if your business is incorporated. So proprietors are going to be accountable for filing a personal tax return and you are going to be required to pay a self employment tax. Of course men and women who are registered as a corporation are going to end up filing their taxes a lot differently. You?re going to discover that there are different ways that a corporation will pay taxes, it may be considered an income or it might be paid at the corporate level. Find out more about that Stansberry post to understand more about business.
You should also understand that every state is going to have different tax laws, and because of this we suggest every person talks to an accountant in your state. Keep in mind running an online business will require plenty of offline work, so ensure it?s going to be worth it for you.
Source: http://www.hzppt.net/254-you-should-think-about-the-legality-of-your-online-business
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Local Briefs: Pregnancy book author to speak | Clovis Independent
Sep 25, 2012, 9:05am
The author of ?Pregnancy ? A Review of Common Myths and Truths Women are Often Told? will speak at a community event in Hanford on Oct. 5, Adventist Health said.
Board-certified family medicine and obstetrics physician Dr. Michael Lloyd will attend the First Friday with a Physician at the Adventist Medical Center-Hanford Conference Center at 115 Mall Drive.
The event goes from noon to 1:30 p.m.
Lunch is provided and the lecture is open to the public.
To RSVP for the First Friday lunch and lecture, call (559) 589-2032 or email ahcvinfo@ah.org.
Kaweah Delta work to ensnarl parking
Kaweah Delta visitors and patients are being asked to allow ample time for travel and parking as construction begins on its helipad.
During construction there will fewer parking spaces and only one point of entry into the medical center?s main parking lot off of Mineral King Avenue.
Patients and visitors are advised to use the following options for parking:
The Willow Parking Garage just east of the hospital, with access from Locust and Court streets.
The Mineral King Avenue parking lot on the south side of Mineral King across the street from the hospital.
The parking garage on West Acequia Avenue, north of the hospital.
The patient/visitor parking lot on West Street south of the old Taco Bell.
To view a map of alternate parking locations, visit www.facebook.com/KaweahDelta.
Construction for the $2.72 million helipad is expected to be complete in April 2013.
Tickets still on sale for Home of Hope
Tickets are still available for Granville Home?s Home of Hope fundraiser that raises money for eight local charities.
The cost is $100 a ticket for the chance to win a 2,029-square-foot house or a $100,000 cash prize.
The drawing will be held at 6 p.m. Saturday at the house at 5927 E. Eugenia Ave. in southeast Fresno.
To buy tickets, call (559) 440-8388 or visit any Granville Homes model center.
On Saturday, tickets will be sold only at the Home of Hope.
Jewish teens can seek volunteer award
The Helen Diller Family Foundation issued a national call for nominations of Jewish teens to be considered for a $36,000 award for volunteer service.
Ten nominees will be selected, with five coming from California and five from the rest of country, for the Diller Teen Tikkun Olam Awards.
The $36,000 is to be used to further their philanthropic work or their education.
The deadline for nominations is Jan. 6.
Details: jewishfed.org/diller/teenawards; (415) 512-6437; dillerteenaward@sfjcf.org
Steinem to visit Fresno in October
Gloria Steinem, one of America?s iconic feminist leaders, is set to speak at the San Joaquin Valley town hall next month at the Saroyan Theatre in Fresno.
Since the 1960s Steinem has been a writer, lecturer, editor and dominant figure in the women?s liberation movement.
She will speak Oct. 17 at 10:30 a.m. Tickets cost $25.
Details: (559) 444-2180 or visit valleytownhall.com.
Fresno agencies host ?Pink Heals Tour?
Pink firetrucks will be on display around the Fresno area this week, signaling the arrival of the breast cancer awareness movement the ?Pink Heals Tour.?
The Fresno County Superintendent of Schools, Fresno County Sheriff Margaret Mims and other community leaders will host the two-day event, which is taking place nationwide. Fresno is one of nine cities selected for the 2012 California Tour.
Pink firetrucks will appear at key community locations and school sites throughout the Fresno area on Wednesday and Thursday.
Wednesday: 8:30-10:30 a.m., Clovis Elementary School; 11 a.m.-12:30 p.m., Clovis Fire Station awareness event, 620 Pollasky Ave.; 2:30-4 p.m., Children?s Hospital Central California Cancer Unit in Madera County; 6-8 p.m., Saint Agnes Medical Center?s awareness event.
Thursday: 7:30-9 a.m., Fresno City Hall; 9:30-11:30 a.m., Fulton Mall and Fresno County Office of Education?s awareness event; 1-2:30 p.m., Sequoia Middle School in Fresno; 4:30-9 p.m., Eureka Burger?s awareness event, 7775 N. Palm Ave.
For information or additional details, call Lisa Benham (559) 265-3073.
Policy experts speak on Props. 30, 38
United Way Fresno will host an educational meeting today regarding education issues and Propositions 30 and 38 on the Nov. 6 ballot.
Policy experts from Sacramento will speak at the event beginning at 6 p.m. at the United Way Fresno office, 4949 E. Kings Canyon Road.
Source: http://clovisindependent.com/2012/09/25/local-briefs-pregnancy-book-author-to-speak/
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Causes, Symptoms And Treatment Of Hodgkin's Disease - Ayushveda
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Hodgkin?s disease is cancer of lymphatic tissue that is generally found not only in lymph nodes and spleen, but also in bone marrow, liver and other places. Specifically speaking, the cancer originates in the cells of lymphatic tissue called lymphocytes, a type of white blood cells.
Nowadays Hodgkin?s disease is also referred to as Hodgkin?s lymphoma.? With early recognition and adequate treatment, the 5-year survival rate is quite high (almost 80%). Since many of the people suffering from Hodgkin?s are young, if adequately treated they can survive for 40 or more years after treatment.
Causes Of Hodgkin?s Disease
The exact cause is not known, but it is thought to be due to many factors. It is more common in males, those between 15 to 40 years and those over 55 years. If there is a family history of Hodgkin?s, you are at greater risk for the disease.
If you have a history of Epstein-Barr virus infection causing infectious mononucleosis, you are at increased risk for Hodgkin?s. If the immune system has been weakened due to infections such as HIV you are more likely to develop the disease. However, many people with one or more risk factors do not go on to develop the disease.
Symptoms
There is usually painless swelling of lymph nodes in the armpits, neck or groin. If liver or spleen is enlarged, you can have a feeling of fullness and pain in the upper abdomen just beneath the ribs. You may suffer weight loss without any apparent reason. You may have frequent and persistent fever.
There can be other symptoms like weakness, tiredness, trouble with breathing, coughing, chest pain, night sweats and itchy skin. There can also be back pain, red patches on skin, tendency to bleed easily and petechiae (purple or red spots on skin). These symptoms need not always indicate cancer, but if they are present for 2 or more weeks, then you should think of consulting a doctor.
Diagnosis
Biopsy of swollen lymph nodes and biopsy of bone marrow are done. If the disease is confirmed, then other tests are done to find the extent of spread so that the disease can be assigned a stage, which helps in planning the treatment. These tests are blood tests, liver and kidney function tests, CT scan of chest and abdomen, and PET scan.
Staging of Hodgkin?s Disease
The staging is done with one or more of these tests: CT scan, MRI, PET scan and biopsies of bone marrow, lymph nodes and liver. Staging is based on the extent of involvement of lymph nodes and other organs like liver, spleen, lung and bone. The stages run from I to IV including also the category of ?recurrent? to account for recurrence of disease after treatment.
Treatment
Treatment depends on age, presence of symptoms like weight loss, night sweats and fevers, and type, stage and size of the tumor. The treatment is with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or both. If there is relapse after treatment, higher doses of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both, are given, followed with stem cells transplantation.
There are three chemotherapy regimens currently used, namely ABVD, Stanford V and BEACOPP regimens, each of which uses a combination of different chemotherapeutic drugs. Radiotherapy used is mainly external beam radiotherapy.
Photo Credit :?http://www.jpathology.com/Issues/Previous%20Articles/9(5).html
Causes, Symptoms And Treatment Of Hodgkin's Disease,Source: http://www.ayushveda.com/magazine/causes-symptoms-and-treatment-of-hodgkins-disease/
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Tuesday, September 25, 2012
PFT: NFL to investigate Belichick's grab of ref
Getty ImagesPats coach Bill Belichick had a one-word response to the question of whether he thinks he?ll be fined for grabbing an official who was leaving the playing area after Sunday night?s 31-30 win by the Ravens over New England.
?No.?
The NFL has two words in response to the response:? ?Definitely maybe.?
Steve Wyche of NFL Network reports that the league will review the incident.? (Actually, it would be much bigger news if the NFL didn?t plan to review the incident.)
Contact with the officials is prohibited.? In 1995, Steelers coach Bill Cowher crammed into the shirt pocket of referee Gordon McCarter photographic evidence of the Steelers not having 12 men on the field during a missed field goal by the Vikings.? Five yards closer, the immortal Fuad Reveiz rectified his error.? Cowher was fined $7,500.? (The closest thing we could find to video comes from the NBC pregame show for the following Sunday.)
Of course, Cowher also verbally criticized the call, adding that he ?didn?t care? if he was fined.
The difference this time around is that the coaches have twice been warned about bullying the replacement officials.? While any action taken against Belichick could prompt Belichick to lobby owner Robert Kraft to push the league office to get the officiating lockout resolved (then again, that lobbying probably was already occurring), the NFL needs to make credible its repeated threats to take action.
If, as reported by Adam Schefter on Sunday, the NFL will fine Broncos coach John Fox and Broncos defensive coordinator Jack Del Rio for Monday night temper tantrums that didn?t entail touching, Belichick needs to be fined, too.
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Understanding how salamanders grow new limbs provides insights into potential of human regenerative medicine
ScienceDaily (Sep. 25, 2012) ? Based on two new studies by researchers at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, regeneration of a new limb or organ in a human will be much more difficult than the mad scientist and supervillain, Dr. Curt Connors, made it seem in the Amazing Spider-man comics and films.
As those who saw the recent "The Amazing Spiderman" movie will know, Dr. Connors injected himself with a serum made from lizard DNA to successfully regrow his missing lower right arm -- that is, before the formula transformed him into a reptilian humanoid.
But by studying a real lizard-like amphibian, which can regenerate missing limbs, the Salk researchers discovered that it isn't enough to activate genes that kick start the regenerative process. In fact, one of the first steps is to halt the activity of so-called jumping genes.
In research published August 23 in Development, Growth & Differentiation, and July 27 in Developmental Biology, the researchers show that in the Mexican axolotl, jumping genes have to be shackled or they might move around in the genomes of cells in the tissue destined to become a new limb, and disrupt the process of regeneration.
They found that two proteins, piwi-like 1 (PL1) and piwi-like 2 (PL2), perform the job of quieting down jumping genes in this immature tadpole-like form of a salamander, known as an axolotl -- a creature whose name means water monster and who can regenerate everything from parts of its brain to eyes, spinal cord, and tail.
"What our work suggests is that jumping genes would be an issue in any situation where you wanted to turn on regeneration," says the studies' senior author, Tony Hunter, a professor in the Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory and director of the Salk Institute Cancer Center.
"As complex as it already seems, it might seem a hopeless task to try to regenerate a limb or body part in humans, especially since we don't know if humans even have all the genes necessary for regeneration," says Hunter. "For this reason, it is important to understand how regeneration works at a molecular level in a vertebrate that can regenerate as a first step. What we learn may eventually lead to new methods for treating human conditions, such as wound healing and regeneration of simple tissues."
The research team, which included investigators from other universities around the country, sought to characterize the transcriptional fingerprint emerging from the early phase of axolotl regeneration. They specifically looked at the blastema, a structure that forms at a limb's stump.
There the scientists found transcriptional activation of some genes, usually found only in germlime cells, which indicated cellular reprogramming of differentiated cells into a germline state.
In the Development, Growth & Differentiation study, the research team, led by Wei Zhu, then a postdoctoral researcher in Hunter's laboratory, focused on one of these genes, the long interspersed nucleotide element-1 (LINE-1) retrotransposon.
LINE-1 elements are jumping genes that arose early in vertebrate evolution. They are pieces of DNA that copy themselves in two stages -- first from DNA to RNA by transcription, and then from RNA to DNA by reverse transcription. These DNA copies can then insert themselves into the cell's genome at new positions.
A few years ago, Fred Gage, professor in the Laboratory of Genetics at the Salk Institute, discovered that LINE-1 elements move around during neuronal development, and may program the identities of individual neurons.
"Most of these copies appear to be 'junk' DNA, because they are defective and can never jump again," says Hunter. But all mammals, including humans, still have active LINE-1 genes, and the salamander, whose genome is 10 times larger than a human's, contains many more.
Active LINE-1 retrotransposons can keep jumping, and that was true in the developing blastema where LINE-1 jumping was dramatically switched on. But in the researchers' companion study, in Developmental Biology, they found that PL1 and PL2 switch off transcription of repeat elements, such as LINE-1. "The idea is that in the development of germ cells, you definitely don't want these things hopping around," says Hunter. "The mobilization of these jumping genes can introduce harmful genomic rearrangements or even abort the regeneration process."
In fact, when the researchers inhibited PL1 and PL2 activity in the axoloti limb blastema, regeneration was significantly slowed down.
"The need to switch on one set of genes to stop other genes from jumping just illustrates how amazingly difficult it would be to regenerate something as complex as a limb in humans," Hunter says. "But that doesn't mean we won't learn valuable lessons about how to treat degenerative diseases."
The work was supported by grants from the National Cancer Institute, the U.S. Public Health Service, and an Innovation Grant from the Salk Institute.
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Story Source:
The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Salk Institute for Biological Studies.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal References:
- Wei Zhu, Gerald M. Pao, Akira Satoh, Gillian Cummings, James R. Monaghan, Timothy T. Harkins, Susan V. Bryant, S. Randal Voss, David M. Gardiner, Tony Hunter. Activation of germline-specific genes is required for limb regeneration in the Mexican axolotl. Developmental Biology, 2012; 370 (1): 42 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.07.021
- Wei Zhu, Dwight Kuo, Jason Nathanson, Akira Satoh, Gerald M. Pao, Gene W. Yeo, Susan V. Bryant, S. Randal Voss, David M. Gardiner, Tony Hunter. Retrotransposon long interspersed nucleotide element-1 (LINE-1) is activated during salamander limb regeneration. Development, Growth & Differentiation, 2012; 54 (7): 673 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169X.2012.01368.x
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/health_medicine/genes/~3/7gShci9GVJM/120925152139.htm
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